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Dispersing agents, also called dispersants, are specialized surfactants or polymers that stabilize solid particles within a liquid medium, preventing them from clumping together (aggregating or settling). They achieve this by adsorbing onto the surface of the particles, creating an electrostatic charge repulsion (in the case of ionic dispersants) or a steric hindrance barrier (in the case of polymeric dispersants) that keeps the particles separated and uniformly suspended. This process is critical for achieving a stable, homogeneous mixture with consistent color, viscosity, and performance. Without effective dispersion, particles would flocculate, leading to issues like sedimentation, poor color development, reduced opacity, and compromised mechanical properties in the final product.

The applications for dispersing agents are foundational across numerous industries. In paints and coatings, they are essential for stabilizing pigments and fillers (like titanium dioxide and calcium carbonate) to ensure consistent color, gloss, and durability. In construction, they are used in concrete and…